The David Brent Wolfe Dictionary of

Japanese Martial Art Terms

- S -

Sa means the left side.
Sabaki means motion. It refers to the body moving.
Sadaijin means minister of the left. It was one of the highest of imperial court titles.
Sagaru means to hang.
Sage makiwara is a punching bag.
Sageo are utility cords carried on some sword cases. In some modern sword schools, these cords are tied to the swordsman's belt to keep the sword case from sliding out of the belt.
Sagi means herron, a bird, which like the crane stands on one leg.
Sagi ashi dachi means herron foot stance. The foot being held off the ground has the instep hooked around the back of the other knee. It is the same as Saji ashi dachi .
Saguru means to probe or grope.
Sagurite means searching hand.
Sagurite no kamae means searching hand posture.
Sagurite uke means searching hand block.
Saho means method of etiquette.
Saho means the left direction.
Sai is an traditional Okinawan karate weapon. It has three prongs, so some people call it a trident. The center prong is normally longer than the two side prongs.
Saika tanden means the center of the body.
Saiumen is the sword practice drill of alternately attacking the left and right sides of the opponent's head.
Saji ashi dachi means heron leg stance. The instep of the raised leg is hooked behind the knee of the base leg. it is the same as Sagi ashi dachi. It is a requirement for Koyamakan Shichikyu.
Sake is rice wine.
Sakki is the awareness and sensitivity to aggressive behavior by others.
Sakugawa no Kun Dai kata means major staff form of Sakugawa. It is required for Koyamakan Ikkyu.
Sakugawa no Kun kata means staff form of Sakugawa. It is required for Koyamakan Ikkyu.
Sakugawa no Kun Sho kata means minor staff form of Sakugawa. It is required for Koyamakan Ikkyu.
Sakusen means skill in strategy.
Same means ray fish skin. The skin of the ray fish is used to cover the handle of a sword or knife. Its rough skin is thought to provide a good durable gripping surface that would not slide out of a hand wet with sweat.
Samurai, , means one who serves. They were a class of warriors, bushi. Originally they were the bodyguards and retainers of nobility. Later the term was expanded to include all bushi of a certain rank belonging to warrior families.
Samurai dokoro means a board of retainers. An advice giving committee retained by a noble or government official.
San, , means three.
San as a suffix means Mr., Ms, Miss, or Mrs. It is a title of respect.
Sanaka means back of the body.
Sanbon kumite means three point sparring. The attacker steps in three consecutive times with an attack, a punch, strike, or kick. The defender steps back three times and blocks each attack. After the third block, the defender counter attacks once.
Sanbon shobu is a three point match in a tournament.
Sanchin dachi means three conflicts stance. It is done with the feet shoulder width apart and the heel of the one foot in line with the toes of the other foot. The back foot is pointed forward with the front foot turned inward 45 degrees. The weight is evenly balanced between the feet. The knees are turned in with the thigh muscles tensed. The knees do not touch.
Sandan, , means three step. It is used to mean third degree black belt.
Sandan waza, , means three step technique in kenjutsu.
Sankaku, , means three sided, a triangle.
Sankaku gatame, , means triangle lock or hold. It is a Kodokan Judo grappling technique.
Sankaku jime, , means triangle strangle. It is a Kodokan Judo grappling technique. It is the same as Sankaku gatame, just with a different emphasis, strangling versus pinning.
Sankyo, means third teaching or third principle.
Sankyu, , means third class.
Sannin means three people.
Sannin waza means three people technique. Three attackers against one defender.
San sho means three heater. It is an acupuncture point. (TH, TB, CS)
Sasae, , means to prop up or support.
Sasae hiji ate means supported elbow smash.
Sasae tsuri komi ashi, , means propping lift pull foot. It is a Kodokan Judo throwing technique.
Sasae uke, , means support block.
Sashi is a stone or iron hand grip used in Okinawan karate training to strengthen the grip and arm strength.
Sashini was the small banner carried by an individual samurai.
Sashite means raising the hand to strike, block, or grab.
Satori means enlightenment. The goal of Buddhism.
Satsujin ken means the sword or fist that gives life.
Satsujin to means killing sword.
Saya is a scabbard of a sword or knife. It is traditionally made of wood with magnolia being the most common wood type. It is made in two halves with the center carved out to fit the blade. It is glued together and lacquered.
Saya biki means the movement of the scabbard.
Saya banare means the position of the tip of the sword at the koi guchi, the scabbard opening, during the draw. The point at which the sword tip comes out of the scabbard. Just before the strike.
Sayai waza means small wrist swing technique.
Sayonara means goodbye.
Sayu means left and right.
Sayu uke means left and right blocks. The concept is of simultaneous, identical blocks done with both arms.
Sayu zuki means left and right thrusts. The concept is of simultaneous, identical punches done with both arms.
Se, , means back, such as the back of the body.
Sei means natural, true, correct, or righteous.
Seigan, , means natural step. It is a fundamental posture in aikido, kenjutsu, and iaido.
Seigyo means control.
Sei-i taishogun means barbarian subduing great general. It is usually shortened to just shogun.
Seika tanden, , means the lower abdomen.
Seiken, , means front of the fist or forefist.
Seiken mawashi zuki, , means round house punch. It is a requirement for Koyamakan Yonkyu.
Seiken zuki, means front of the fist thrust. It is the basic thrust punch taught in karate.
Seikichu, , is the spine.
Seimo means the eye socket.
Seinen means young man or youth.
Seiryoku zenyo kokumin taiiku is a Kodokan judo routine called Forms of National Physical Education.
Seiryuto means ox jaw hand. It is a hand technique where the contact area is the base of the knife hand.
Seisan, , means thirteen. It is the name of an Okinawan karate routine.
Seishi is a written pledge from a beginning student to his sensei upon joining a style. Sometimes they were written in the student's own blood or just signed in the student's blood.
Seishin means proper mind.
Seitei means basic or fundamental.
Seitei gata means fundamental forms or techniques.
Seito means student.
Seito means orthodox.
Seiza, , means correct sitting. It is the formal Japanese sitting position with the legs tucked underneath the body, kneeling on both calves. The insteps are resting flat on the floor and the buttocks rest on the heels.
Sekai taikai means world championships.
Seki were guarded gates on major routes at inter-province boundaries and in mountain passes.
Seme means pressure or attack.
Seme guchi, , means attack mouth. It is an opening or vulnerability for an attack.
Seme kata means an attacking technique.
Semeru means push or press forward.
Semete, , means pushing hand. It is the action of pressing forward with a sword blade or the attacking hand. It is used for the partner who carries out the attacks against the shitachi during paired kata performance.
Sempai, , means an individual senior by way of rank or status.
Sen, , means a folding fan.
Sen, , means initiative in applying mental power, technical skill, and physical strength togain advantage over the opponent. The concept comes from the Japanese sword arts. Sen involves a well-made attack or series of movements that constitute a single attack. The character Sen can be used as future or to precede. This character is also used for the number one thousand. Be aware whether the term is being used as a number or some other meaning. Look at the context.
Senaka, , means the back of the torso.
Sen jutsu, , means tactics.
Sen ken means literally to 'see first,' so this is usually taken to mean 'anticipate.' The Nelson characters are 871 and 4284. The ken character as in 'miru' meaning 'to see.' Senken can be used to mean foresight.
Sen no sen, , means to attack at the exact instant the opponent attacks. This can be described as simultaneous initiative.
Sensei, , means one who was born before, i.e. someone with more experience. It is used frequently as a respectful term for school teachers lawyers, and doctors. In Japan, when doing martial arts, it is usually reserved for 4th dans and above.
Sensei ni rei, , means bow to the instructor.
Sen sen no sen, , means the highest form of initiative by which mental power, technical skill, and physical power are applied to gain advantage over the opponent before he can institute an attack. Sen sen no sen has the sense of taking control early, before your opponent can initiate an attack, thus taking the 'first initative'. Another way of describing this is pre-emptive initiative. This is often subtle, andinvolves causing your opponent to inititate the attack or movement you want him or her to make.
Senshuken taikai means a 'championship great gathering'. This get together is much more than just a tournament.
Sente, , means literally 'first hand', which is taken to mean initiative, with the implied taking of real, tangible action. It is to act. This is the sente in Gichin Funakoshi's famous statement 'Karate ni sente nashi' (in karate never take the initiative). The Nelson numbers are 871 and 1827.
Se oi means the upper back or the back side of the shoulder area.
Seoi nage means shoulder throw.
Seppa are the oval metal plates, the washers, on a knife or sword which secure the guard, the tsuba.
Seppuku is ritual suicide by pulling a dagger or short sword through the stomach. Normally, this is followed by another individual, a friend or kinsman, cutting off the head with a long sword. This practice was mostly done among the buke, warrior family, caste.
Sesshin is a period of rigorous discipline used to achieve intense concentration.
Shaken are bladed throwing weapons. It is a category of throwing knives, ie. shuriken. Sometimes known as ninja stars. Traditionally there were ten designs of throwing stars. These were cross-shaped, four pointed, six pointed, eight-pointed, ten-pointed, triangular, swastika-shaped, hexagonal, pentagonal, and three-pointed one.
Shaku is a length of measure of appromately 11.93 inches.
Shi, , means fourth. Because it sounds like death, the more acceptable way of saying this character is yon.
Shi means death.
Shi means an expert.
Shi means a person of the samurai class or an expert. An example would be the term bushi, meaning war person.
Shiai means contest, competition, or tournament
Shiaijo means the contest area
Shiatsu means finger pressure. It is a generic term for Japanese acupressure massage.
Shibori means wringing. This is a twisting motion of the hands inward while gripping the sword handle during a cut.
Shichi, , means seven. A more acceptable way to say this number is nana.
Shichidan, , means 7th degree black belt. Also called a nanadan.
Shichikyu, , means 7th class
Shido geiko means way person practice. It is learning by teaching. An individual gains insights into techniques by having to explain them to other individuals.
Shidoin means way expert person. It is a junior instructor who is formally recogized as an instructor, but not yet recognized as a sensei. Sometimes used as an Assistant Instructor.
Shidosha means junior instructor that can help you by pointing out things to you and make suggestions, but is not qualified to really teach. In common Japanese parlance, athletic coaches are referred to as shidosha. If you think about the differences between what a coach does and what a teacher does, this will make some sense.
Shi giri means death cut. It is a kenjutsu technique.
Shigoki is brutual training popular in some Japanese university martial art clubs to build spirit and foster unity among the club members. It is against Okinawan karate traditions.
Shihan, , means a teacher of teachers, a professor. Shi translates as teacher. Han translates as wise. Commonly translated as master. It is not part of the series of teaching titles; renshi, kyoshi, hanshi. However, the characters are the same as in hanshi. It is correctly used only in a school, never outside the dojo. Sensei is used outside the dojo, instead to refer to an instructor.
Shihanke means the family's senior teacher or headmaster. The previous shihanke chooses the next shihanke. The shihanke is the final authority of all questions relative to the philosophy, traditions, techniques, and kata of a lineage, ryu. The shihanke is the living tradition. There is only one in a style. The shihanke defines what the ryu is.
Shiho, , means four corners or four directions.
Shiho gatame, , is the Kodokan Judo pin whose name means four corners lock.
Shiho nage, , means four directions throw.
Shikake means offensive or attacking.
Shikake waza means any offensive technique.
Shikaku, , is the dead corner, the vulnerable angle.
Shikantaza means sitting for meditation.
Shike is one possible term used for a teacher of a ryuha, a branch lineage, of a martial art style. Shi is the same character as in shihan meaning teacher. Ke means house or family. Therefore, shike is a house teacher.
Shiki was a way station along a highway.
Shiki means ceremony, form, or style.
Shikkaku is a referee term meaning disqualification. It can be from the match, or the tournament if the competitor commits an act which harms the honor and prestige of karate.
Shikken means a regent. A regent is an individual who rules in the name of another individual, normally one who is to young to actually rule.
Shikko, , means to walk on one's knees.
Shiko dachi means a sumo stance, similar to horse stance. However, the toes are turned outward instead of forward.
Shime, , means strangle or choke. Also known as jime.
Shime waza, , means strangle techniques. The category of this type of techniques.
Shimmei Muso Ryu is a martial art style of sword drawing, iaijutsu. It is also known as Hayashizaki Ryu.
Shimoseki is the lower side or place in a dojo at which students line up.
Shimoza is the lower seat in the dojo where students line up.
Shin means heart or spirit. (HT)
Shin means spirit. It can also be pronounced as kokoro.
Shin means upper. It can also be pronounced as kami.
Shinken shobu means death match. A real fight to the death.
Shinai is a bamboo sword.
Shinai hanashi is a kendo term maining dropping the bamboo sword, a shinai.
Shinden ryu was a martial art lineage that taught swimming in armor.
Shindo Munen Ryu means divine path to serenity. It is a sword school.
Shin ho means heart organ. (HC or HG)
Shinkyu shiai means a type of Judo promotional tournament for students below black belt rank.
Shinobi means stealth or stealing in. It was an old term used for assassins. This is an alternative term for ninja.
Shinobi ashi means creeping, sneaking, or tiptoeing.
Shinobi gatana means an assassin's sword. This is an alternative term for a ninja type straight sword.
Shin no Shindo Ryu is a jujutsu style related to Takeuchi Ryu. It is one of the source styles blended to create Tenshin Shin'Yo Ryu jujutsu.
Shinpa kata means mind wave form.
Shinpan means judge, referee, or umpire.
Shinshin means stopped or fixed mind. This mental state is open to attack.
Shinshin means mind and body. It is a generic term for Japanese yoga-type exercises.
Shinshin shugyo, , means mind and body training.
Shin shinto means new sword. This is used to mean any sword made after 1870, the date of the Meiji Restoration. This is considered the beginning of the modern era in Japanese history.
Shinshin toitsu means mind and body unified. It is the name of the aikido style founded by Koichi Tohei.
Shintai means the human body.
Shintai means body movement of a linear variety.
Shintai means divine body. It is a shortened nick name for Tenshin Shintai Ryu.
Shinto means new sword. Among sword collectors, this is the period between 1596 and 1870, the date of the Meiji Restoration.
Shinza means spirit seat. It is another name for the kamiza.
Shinza ni rei means to bow towards the shrine.
Shinzen means an alter or shrine. It is the same place as kamiza.
Shinzen ni rei means to bow towards the shrine.
Shin zo means heart organ. (HC or HG)
Shiro means the color white.
Shiro means a castle. Different characters from white.
Shiro ippon means white scores a point. The referee raises his arm at an oblique angle towards the contestant scoring the point.
Shiro no kachi means white wins the match. The referee raises his arm at an oblique angle towards the contestant winning the match.
Shisei means posture or stance.
Shita means under, down, or below.
Shitachi is the defender in prearranged kumite.
Shita hara means the lower abdomen.
Shite means down.
Shito kokyu means one breath.
Shitsu means to bend the knees.
Shi tsuki means beak thrust.
Shiugo was the title of a military governor over a province.
Shi waza death technique. It is a counter to a dangerous defense.
Shizen means natural body.
Shizen dachi means natural stance.
Shizen hontai means basic naturnal standing posture
Shizentai means natural position.
Shizoku means safe spot.
Shizukani means gentle or soft.
Shizuki means crane's beak. A method of striking an opponent with the tips of the thumb and fingers held tightly together.
Sho, , means beginning. This is the sho of shodan.
Sho, , means small or minor. This is the sho of Kanku sho kata and Bassai sho kata.
Shobu hajime is a referee command meaning to start the extended match.
Shobu sanbon hajime is a referee command meaning start the three point match.
Shochin means vigorous suppression. It is a karate routine.
Sho cho means the small intestine. (SI)
Shochu geiko means special summer training during the hottest time of the year.
Shodai means beginning generation or first generation.
Shodan, , means beginning degree or beginning step. It is incorrectly called first degree black belt.
Shoden means new scroll. This is the name give in some styles to the first full transmission certication.
Shodo means the art of calligraphy or the way of the brush.
Shoen means estate. Real property was frequently given as a reward to retainers as a method of tying their loyalty to an individual or clan.
Sho gatsu shitaku means the New Year preparations.
Shoge is a type of grappling hook. It is a pointed metal spike-like object with a curving bladed side prong. It has a hole on the non-pointed end to attach to a rope or line. It was used to climb walls and as a fighting weapon.
Shogun means barbarian subduing general. The full title is sei-i taishogun, which means barbarian subduing great general.
Shoji is a wooden lattice covered with paper that is used for doors and windows in a traditional Japanese building.
Shomen, , is the face or forehead.
Shomen, , means straight ahead.
Shomen uchi, , means front of the head strike. It is an overhead strike to the opponent's forehead.
Shomon means the skull.
Shonen means young boy.
Shorin in the Matsubayashi karate lineage means pine forest.
Shorin in the Kobayashi karate lineage means old forest.
Shorin in the Shobayashi karate lineage means small forest.
Shorinji Kempo is related to jujutsu, but has a lot of other influences.
Shorinji-ryu Kenkokan Karate-do is the karate styled founded by ? in ?.
Shorinji-ryu Renshinkan Karate-do is the karate style founded in 1955 C.E. by Master Isamu Tamotsu in Kagoshima, Japan. He died May 31, 2000 at the age of 80. (1)
Shoshin, , means beginner mind. It is a mind state that is alert and empty to receive all possibilities.
Shoshinsha means beginner's mind person. An individual new to training in the martial arts.
Shotei means palm heel.
Shoto wakizashi means a short sword. Normally it is between 12 to 24 inches, 30 to 60 centermeters, long.
Shotokai means tiger's tail association. This is the name which Gichin Funakoshi's college students took as their karate style name.
Shotokan means tiger's tail hall. Tiger's tail is the name of a hill in Okinawa near where Gichin Funakoshi lived. He took Shoto as his pen name. One group of his Tokyo students took his nick name as the name of their karate style.
Shoujo means young woman.
Shu means hand(s).
Shucho enbu means a public demonstration.
Shuchu, , means concentration.
Shugeki, , means attack.
Shugo is the referee command of 'judges called' to make a decision in a tournament match.
Shugyo, , is daily, austere practice that is maintained over a protracted period of time.
Shugyosha is an individual undergoing intense training.
Shuhai, , means the back of the hand.
Shuko means the back of the hand.
Shuko is an iron claw-like device(s) strapped to the hands to assist in climbing. The invention of this tool is cedited to ninja.
Shuko jutsu means the art of using claws.
Shumatsu undo means cooling off exercises.
Shunkan saiminjutsu is a term meaning hypnosis or mind control techniques.
Shuriken means secret sword. It is a generic term used for throwing knives or for throwing stars. Today, these are considered as ninja weapons. The throwing stars are called shaken. The throwing knives came in a variety of styles including spikes. The spikes come in various lengths and shaft shapes including: completely round, hexagonal, triangular, and rectangular. Star shaped throwing knives require less skill to use.
Shuriken jutsu means the art of using throwing knives. Training in throwing knives requires learning various gripping methods, throwing positions, drawing, trajectory methods, penetration characteristics, sighting methods, acquired skills of accuracy, concentration, fighting tactics, knowledge of target areas, moving targets, throwing multiple knives, and rapid throwing of a series of knives.
Shushin means the center referee of a contest match.
Shuto, , means hand sword. It is more commonly, and misleadingly, called knife hand.
Shuto otoshi means knife hand drop. It is an aiki budo technique.
Shuto te, , means a knife hand block.
Shuto uchi, , means knife hand strike.
Shuto uke, , means knife hand block.
Shuzen means repairs or restoration work.
So means all.
Soatari shiai means a round robin tournament or a league tournament.
Soba is a term for the split in the side of a pair of hakama.
Sochin is made of two characters meaning vigorous suppression. It is the name of an Okinawan karate routine.
Sochin dachi means immovable stance.
Sode, , means sleeve.
Sode dori, , means sleeve grab (at elbow level).
Sode guchi dori means sleeve mouth grab. It is used to mean a cuff grab.
Sode tsuri komi goshi, , means sleeve lifting pulling hip. A Kodokan Judo throwing technique.
Soe means augmented or assisted.
Soete means augmented hand.
Sogo means intregrated.
Sogo means fake or made up.
Sohei were warrior monks attached to various mostly Buddhist temples.
Soin means the instep, the top side of the foot between the toes and ankle.
Soji means the cleaning of the dojo. In some dojo, it is ritualized into a ceremony for the beginning of the new year. In other dojo, it is a ritual cleaning performed as the beginning of the normal training session.
So jutsu is the art of using the spear or lance.
Sokatsu is the critiquing of a performance, usually by senior ranking students.
Soke, , is the head of the family or lineage, a ryu, and is typically, therefore, outside of its rank system.
Sokei, , means the groin.
Sokko means the instep of the foot.
Soko, , means there or that position.
Sokuho ukemi means side falling method.
Sokui is rice glue. This rice glue is used to glue the wooden handles on to the tang on a traditional Japanese style sword.
Sokumen means the edge of the head.
Sokuso, , are the tips of the toes.
Sokutei, , means the sole or the bottom of the heel.
Sokutei mawashi uke is a circular block using the bottom of the foot.
Sokutei osae uke is a downward pressing block using the bottom of the foot.
Sokuto, , means foot sword. It is the edge of the foot between the heel and the little toe joint.
Soma means the calves of the legs.
Sonkyo means the squatting or crouching position in kendo.
Sono mama is a referee command to freeze in position, to not move.
Sonota means miscellaneous.
Sorashi means a feint.
Sore made is a referee command that time has expired.
Sori the curvature of a sword blade.
Sosho means grass writing. It is the Japanese cursive form of writing.
Sotai means correct body. The putting of the body into structurally correct postures.
Sotai renshu means partner practice. Two people training together.
Soto, , means outer or outside.
Soto kote, , means the outside of the forearm.
Soto makikomi, , means outer winding. It is a Kodokan Judo throwing technique.
Soto mikazuki geri means outside crescent kick. It is a requirement for Koyamakan Shichikyu.
Soto shakutaku means the outer wrist.
Soto ude means the outside of the forearm.
Soto ude nage means outer arm throw. It is an aiki budo technique.
Soto yoko te means outer side hand block. It is the same as inside forearm block.
Suburi, , is solo practice with a jo or bokken in aikido or kendo done repetitively to develop strength and endurance.
Sudori, , means momentum.
Sui means water.
Sui getsu means the solar plexus.
Sui getsu means moon reflected in the water. A practitioner's mind should trained to be like water, reflecting the moon without distortion. The water remains still and unaffected by the reflection of the moon. Likewise, the warrior's mind should remain still and unaffected by actions happening around him.
Sui getsu means maintaining a constant fighting distance from an opponent by adjusting the distance every time the opponent moves. This means staying unapproachable, like the reflection of the moon in still water.
Suirakan no kamae means drunkard fight posture.
Suirakan no renshu means drunkard training.
Suirakan sabaki means drunkard footwork or drunkard body shifting.
Suiku means axis of rotation.
Sukashi means evasive action in avoiding an attack.
Sukashi waza means evasive techniques performed without letting the opponent finish an attack.
Suki is a gap in the opponent's concentration permiting an attack.
Sukoshi means a little or a small amount.
Sukui means to scoop up.
Sukui nage means scooping throw.
Sukui te means scooping hand. It is the same technique as Sukui uke.
Sukui uchi means scooping strike.
Sukui uke means scooping block. It is a requirement for Koyamakan Shichikyu.
Sumi, , means corner
Sumi gaeshi, , means corner counter. It is a Kodokan Judo technique.
Sumimasen, , means excuse me. It is politely used to get the attention of an instructor.
Sumi otoshi, , means corner drop. It is the name of a Kodokan Judo throwing technique and the name of a different throw taught in aikido.
Sun is a measurement of length about 1.2 inches. Ten sun equals one shaku, about one foot.
Sune is the shin.
Sune gakoi is a block to protect the shin in kenjutsu and iaido.
Sunsu kata means strong man or iron man form. Sunsu was the nick name for Shimabuku Tatsuo, the creator of this form and the founder of the Isshin-ryu style of karate.
Suri age waza means sliding up technique. It is any attacking technique involving creating an opening by sliding up the opponent's weapon.
Suri ashi means sliding foot. It is the method of walking from the hips with the feet lightly sliding over the ground. It is the opposite of walking in a controlled fall.
Sushi no Kun Dai kata means major Sushi's staff form. It is a requirement for Koyamakan karate Yonkyu.
Sushi no Kun kata means Sushi's staff form. It is a requirement for Koyamakan karate Yonkyu.
Sushi no Kun Sho kata means minor Sushi's staff form. It is a requirement for Koyamakan karage Yonkyu.
Sute geiko means a training method of throwing without regard to points. It is a timing practice, usually high speed uchikomi.
Sutemi means self sacrifice
Sutemi waza means sacrifice techniques. The techniques are achieved by sacrificing your body position by falling down.
Suwari waza, , means seated technique. Both the attacker and defender are in seated positions.
Suwatte, , means to sit or kneel down.

Footnotes

David Brent Wolfe
This page was last modified on April 10, 2004 C.E.
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