CHRONOLOGY FOR 1959

January

The European Common Market went into effect.

Dr. Manuel tjrrutia Lleo, Provisional President of Cuba, named Fidel Castro head of the army.

Five Central American countries ratified a common market agreement.

27th Amnesty was granted for all members of the underground Cyprus organiration EOKA.

February

11th Six western Aden protectorate states signed a constitution for the Federation of the Arab Emirates of the South.

16th Dr. Fidel Castro became premier of Cuba following the resignation of Premier Miro Cardona and his cabinet on February 13.

Antonio Segni became premier of Italy.

19th A plan for the independence of Cyprus as a republic was approved by Great Britain, Greece, and Turkey.

20th The flag of the Republic of Guinea, which became the 82nd member of the United Nations in December 1958, was ceremonially raised at the UN.

March

1st Archbishop Makarios returned to Cyprus after a three-year exile.

Representatives of East Germany and the Soviet Union began discussions on a separate peace treaty.

2nd The Soviet Union agreed to a foreign ministers conference.

Widespread rioting created a state of emergency in Nyasaland, and African leader Dr. Hastings Banda was arrested and deported to Rhodesia.

4th Pioneer IV passed the moon at a distance of 37,000 miles and neared its own orbit around the sun to become the second artificial planet.

6th The radio transmitter of Pioneer IV, in orbit around the sun, established a communications record of over 400,000 miles, then fell silent.

7th Afer four days of rioting in Nyasaland, 36 Africans were reported killed and 66 injured.

11th The Dalai Lama was ordered to appear at Chinese Communist headquarters in Lhasa, ribet. He refused the summons.

France refused to place one third of its Mediterranean fleet under NATO command as provided for in the alliance.

12th Congress approved Hawaii as the 50th State.

The United Nations voted to end international trusteeship over the French Cameroons on Jan. 1, 1960.

23rd Prime Minister Macmillan and President Eisenhower concluded talks after agreeing to a summer summit conference with Soviet Premier Khrushchev.

200 miles through Tibet with relatives, cabinet members, and Khamba tribesmen.

April

13th The U.S. Air Force launched Discoverer II into a polar orbit.

The Vatican prohibited Roman Catholics from voting for Communists.

15th John Foster Dulles resigned as U.S. Secretary of State.

25th The Saint Lawrence Seaway was opened to traffic.

May

11th At Geneva, the foreign ministers conference opened after a delay, and East Germany and West Germany were accepted as advisers.

24th John Foster Dulles died of cancer at the age of 71.

28th The United States shot two monkeys, Able and Baker, 300 miles into space in a Jupiter rocket and recovered them unharmed.

June

4th Cuba made effective an agrarian reform law which would claim 1,666,000 acres of land owned by U.S. sugar companies within a year.

5th Konrad Adenauer announced he would remain chancellor of West Germany.

17th Premier Ferhat Abbas expressed the willingness of his Algerian rebel government to meet French officials on neutral ground for discussions.

2Oth The deadlocked Big Four foreign ministers conference was recessed.

26th Ingemar Johansson of Sweden defeated Floyd Paterson for the world heavyweight boxing championship.

July

1St Dr. Heinrich Luebke was elected President of West Germany.

5th The Saar was returned to West Germany by France.

Indonesia's President Sukarno reestablished the 1945 Constitution, giving himself absolute power and dissolving the Constituent Assembly.

6th The U.S.S.R. announced it had successfully fired two dogs and a rabbit into the upper atmosphere and recovered them safely. The over-4,400-lb. missile was the heaviest space capsule yet fired successfully.

13th The Big Four foreign ministers meeting in Geneva reopened.

14th The Honduran army regained control of Tegucigalpa after a two-day revolt.

15th The U.S. nation-wide steel strike began, with 500,000 workers idle.

17th Fidel Castro briefly resigned the premiership of Cuba over differences with President Urrutia. The revolutionary government refused the resignation and Dr. Osvaldo Dorticos replaced Urrutia.

21st Western Europe's second free-trade zone plan, the Outer Seven, was organized by Austria, Britain, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland.

The world's first nuclear-powered merchant vessel, the NS Savannah, was launched at Camden, NJ.

24th Vice President Nixon formally opened the American National Exhibition in Moscow.

26th Fidel Castro returned to the premiership of Cuba.

3Oth The Communist government of Kerala in India was deposed.

August

3rd Khrushchev accepted an invitation to visit the United States.

5th The Big Four foreign ministers meeting in Geneva was adjourned after 65 days of talks failed to produce tangible results.

7th Explorer VI was launched into orbit by the United States.

8th A conference of nine independent African states ended its meeting, urging world recognition of the Algerian Provisional government.

10th The Big Four foreign ministers agreement to establish a ten-nation council on disarmament, working outside the United Nations, was revealed.

13th The U.S. Discoverer V satellite was launched into orbit.

16th Installment buying was introduced into the Soviet Union.

18th Increased taxes and restrictive legislation caused nearly a week of violence and rioting by Mrican women in the Union of South Africa.

19th The U.S. Discoverer VI satellite was launched into orbit.

2Oth In Haiti, Archbishop Francois Poirer was ordered arrested for criticizing the government. The order was suspended the next day.

Hawaii became the 50th State with William F. Quinn as governor.

26th The United States said it would not test nuclear weapons in 1959.

President Eisenhower flew to Bonn, West Germany.

27th President Charles de Gaulle of France left for a tour of Algeria.

Eisenhower arrived in London for discussions with Macmillian.

31st Chinese Communist troops were reported to have advanced into Bhutan, Sikkn, and the North East Frontier Agency.

September

2nd President Charles de Gaulle welcomed President Eisenhower in Paris.

9th A space capsule designed to carry a man into orbit was retrieved in good condition after

its re-entry 1,500 miles from Cape Canaveral.

14th Shortly after midnight, Moscow time, a Soviet rocket weighing 854.4 lb., struck the moon at a speed of about 7,500 mph.

Senegal and French Sudan informed President Charles de Gaulle that they wished to become fully independent.

President Eisenhower signed the Landruff-GrIffin labor reform bill.

15th Premier Nikita Khrushchev arrived in the United States.

21st The U.S. Court of Appeals held Arkansas' pupil placement laws valid.

22nd The UN General Assembly agreed to discuss Khrushchev's disarmament plan. It also barred Chinese Communist membership for another year.

The atomic submarine Patrick Henry was launched at Groton, Conn.

25th Prime Minister Bandaranaike of Ceylon was shot by a Ceylonese monk.

President Eisenhower and Premier Khrushchev conferred on world problems at Camp David, Md.

26th Ceylonese Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike died of bullet wounds.

27th Khrushchev left for the Soviet Union after his 13-day U.S. visit.

More than 2,000 Japanese were reported dead from Typhoon Vera.

The United States announced television pictures of earth taken by Explorer VI; an intense radiation belt around earth was revealed.

29th Soviet Premier Khrushchev left for Peking 31 hours after his return to the Soviet Union from the United States.

30th In Montevideo, Uruguay, seven nations agreed on a draft treaty for a Latin American common market.

October

4th The Soviet Union announced the launching of Lunik III, an "automatic planetary station" carrying a 6134b. capsule. It was designed to circle the moon and photograph the opposite, unseen side, then transmit pictures back to earth.

6th Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's Conservative party won a decisive victory in the British general elections.

13th A B-47 bomber fired a ballistic missile near Explorer VI, and Explorer VII was launched from Cape Canaveral.

18th The Soviet Union announced that Lunik III had photographed the far side of the moon and transmitted the photo to earth by radio.

19th President Eisenhower ordered Attorney General Rogers to seek a court order enjoining the steel strike that began July 15.

21st President Eisenhower ordered ail U.S. Army space research and activities transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

26th Kaiser Steel Corporation signed a contract adding $0.225 an hour to steel workers' wages over the next 20 months.

31st In the Congo, 24 persons were killed in a clash between Africans and government troops.

November

1St Patrice Lumumba, leader of the Congolese National Movement in the Belgian Congo, was arrested after a two-day police bunt which set off rioting.

Egypt reported that the Soviet Union would build all three stages of the Aswan Dam. 2nd The Cuban government expropriated 75,000 acres of land.

4th David Ben-Gurion's party won six new seats in Israel's Knesset.

The United States successfully tested a one-ton space capsule designed to carry a human passenger into outer space.

7th The U.S. Discoverer VII satellite was launched into polar orbit.

The U.S. Supreme Court called a halt to the nation-wide steel strike with a decision upholding a Taft-Hartley injunction against the walkout.

The Northern Cameroons voted to remain under British trusteeship.

10th The atomic submarine Triton was commissioned at Groton, Conn.

14th The Belgian government announced that 124 Africans had been killed in fighting between the Watutsi and Bahutu tribes in Ruanda Urundi.

20th Discoverer VIII was fired into orbit.

21st The United States and the Soviet Union agreed to extend scientific, technical, cultural, educational, and sports exchanges for two years.

24th The Soviet Union agreed with the United States and Britain on a program for a study of the detection of underground nuclear explosions.

December

1St In Washington D.C., 12 nations signed a treaty making Antarctica a preserve for scientific research, barring military activity and nuclear testing.

Eisenhower appointed Thomas S. Gates Secretary of Defense.

Britain and the United Arab Republic reestablished diplomatic relations severed three years ago when Britain took part in the invasion of Suez.

3rd At least 270 persons died after the Malpasset Dam burst in southern France, millions of tons of water plunging into the Riviera toward the sea.

President Eisenhower left on his trip to three continents.

6th Pope John XXIII received President Eisenhower in a private audience.

13th Archbishop Makarios was elected the first President of Cyprus.

19th Eisenhower, Macmillan, de Gaulle, and Adenauer agreed in Paris to invite Soviet Premier Khrushchev to meet with them in April 1960.

22nd The Bulgarian parliament was informed that the country failed to meet its 1959 production schedule by almost two thirds.

25th Khrushchev accepted the Western invitation to a summit meeting in Paris.

A synagogue in Cologne was desecrated with swastikas and slogans.

28th The U.S.S.R. agreed to resume disarmament talks March 15 in Geneva.

31St King Savang Vatthana placed Laos under army control.