CHRONOLOGY FOR 1960

January

1st The Bank of France issues a new currency in which the franc is worth $0.20, or five to the dollar. The old rate was 500 to the dollar.

2nd Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts announces his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination.

6th Cuba seizes. title to 70,000 acres owned by an American sugar company.

9th Vice President Richard M. Nixon announces his candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination.

15th Premier Khrushchev's proposed reduction of the armed forces by 1.2 million men is ratified by the Soviet parliament.

22nd Maj. Gen. Jacques Massu is dismissed as military and civil commander in the Algiers area touching off mass rioting by right-wing elements in Algeria.

23rd The U.S. Navy's bathyscaph, Trieste) reaches the bottom of the Marianas Trench in the Pacific for a record dive of over seven miles.

25th Continued clashing in Algeria between European demonstrators and police leaves 19 persons dead and 141 injured.

27th Belgian and Congolese conferees set June 30 as the date for Congo independence.

February

1st The anti-deGaulle uprising in Algeria collapses, and its leaders are flown to Paris.

2nd Lunch counter sit-ins by Negro students begin in Greensboro, N. C.

3rd Prime Minister Macmillan tells racist South Africans in Johannesburg that there is

a "wind of change" in the world, and that it cannot be stopped.

10th The USS Sargo) an atomic submarine, breaks through the ice at the North Pole.

13th French technicians explode a plutonium bomb at Reggan, in the Sahara.

Fidel Castro and Soviet First Deputy Premier Mikoyan sign an extensive economic agreement, including a $100 million loan to Cuba.

22nd President Eisenhower begins an extensive tour of Latin America.

26th Britain's Princess Margaret announces her engagement to a commoner, Anthony Armstrong-Jones, the photographer of the royal family.

28th On a visit to Indonesia, Premier Khrushchev signs an agreement for a $250 million loan to that country.

March

1st Two earthquakes and a tidal wave leave Agadir on the Moroccan coast a heap of rubble with 12,000 dead and 25,000 hurt.

2nd President Eisenhower, arriving in Uruguay, is met by anti-American demonstrations.

11th U.S. satellite, Pioneer V, goes into orbit around the sun.

21st South African police kill 72 African demonstrators protesting the pass laws in the town of Sharpeville near Johannesburg.

23rd Premier Khrushchev arrives in Paris, France, on an official state visit.

24th Some 900 South Korean students demonstrate in Pusan against the "rigged" reelection of Syngman Rhee.

28th Pope John raises seven prelates to the cardinalate, including the first Japanese, the first African, and the first Filipino to reach that rank.

3Oth An African mob numbering 30,000 marches on Capetown, demanding release of leaders arrested by the government the day before.

April

1st The U.S. Tiros I satellite, capable of photographing weather formations, is orbited. An accord is signed in Paris, France, establishing the Mali Federation composed ofSudan and Senegal.

U Nu is elected Premier of Burma, ending 17 months of military rule.

9th Prime Minister Verwoerd of South Africa is shot and wounded by a white man in an assassination attempt.

14th The first successful underwater launching of a Polaris missile is announced.

21st Brasilia is declared the new capital of Brazil by President Kubitschek.

After ten days of rioting in South Korea during which 115 persons were killed, Syngman Rhee's cabinet resigns.

26th The South Korean National Assembly demands the resignation of President Syngman Rhee. The United States protests the shooting of demonstrators. Rhee resigns the presidency on the following day.

29th Student demonstrations in Turkey demand the resignation of Premier Adnan Menderes. In Ankara troops fire into student barricades killing three. Martial law is declared.

May

3rd West German Refugee Minister, Theodor Oberlander, accused of wartime participation in Nazi policies, submits his resignation.

The European Free Trade Association (the Outer Seven) comes into force.

5th Premier Khrushchev announces that an American plane was shot down on May Day, 1,200 miles inside Soviet territory.

6th Princess Margaret and Anthony Armstrong-Jones are married in London.

9th U.S. Secretary of State Christian Herter announces that U-2 overflights will continue. loth Six major stores in Nashville, Tenn., desegregate their lunch counters.

13th Rioting disrupts a House Un-American Activities subcommittee hearing in San Francisco, Calif.

15th The U.S.S.R. orbits a 5-ton satellite bearing a model astronaut cabin.

16th As the Paris Summit Conference opens, Premier Khrushchev attacks U.S. policy, cancels President Eisenhower's visit to Moscow in June, and demands a U.S. apology for overflights. Eisenhower announces that the flights have been halted.

17th The Paris Summit Conference collapses.

21st A succession of earthquakes, tidal waves, and landslides batter coastal cities in Chile.

27th The regime of Premier Adnan Menderes is overthrown in Turkey. General Gursel, leader of the coup, promises free elections. Menderes is arrested along with President Bayar.

June

3rd Ivory Coast, Niger, Dahomey, and the Voltaic Republic announce their intention to seek full independence within the French Community.

8th The Organization of American States accuses the Dominican Republic of "flagrant and widespread violation of human rights."

15th Argentina complains to the Security Council of the "illicit transfer" of Adolf Eichmann, the S.S. Colonel who headed the Gestapo's Jewish Section and was involved in the liquidation of six million Jews, to Israel by Israeli agents.

19th The Japanese-American mutual security pact is ratified in Tokyo.

The Mali Federation becomes independent.

22nd The navigation satellite, Transit Il-A, is orbited from Cape Canaveral.

24th President Betancourt of Venezuela escapes an assassin's bomb.

26th Somaliland, a former British protectorate, becomes independent, and the Malagasy

Republic, formerly Madagascar, receives its independence from France.

3oth King Baudoin in Leopoldville proclaims the Congo's independence of Belgium. Joseph

Kasavubu assumes office as Chief of State, with Patrice Lumumba as Premier.

July

6th Mutiny against Belgian officers breaks out in the Congolese Army. President Eisenhower Cuts the Cuban sugar quota by 700,000 tons.

on July 1, over Soviet territorial waters; the United States asserts the plane was over international waters.

Cuba requests the Security Council to take up charges of U.S. "economic aggression."

12th France grants independence to the Congo, Chad, and Central African Republics.

13th John F. Kennedy is nominated by the Democratic convention in Los Angeles. Belgian commandos occupy Leopoldville's airport, clashing with Congolese troops.

Premier Lumumba calls for UN intervention.

14th The Security Council authorizes the dispatch of a UN force to the Congo. Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas is nominated Democratic vice-presidential candidate.

15th Nobosuke Kishi, Japan's premier, resigns and is succeeded by Hayato Ikeda.

21st Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike, widow of the recently assassinated Premier of Ceylon, is sworn in as the new Prime Minister.

22nd The Security Council requests the "speedy" withdrawal of Belgian troops from the new Republic of the Congo.

26th With the agreement of Premier Lumumba, the United Nations organizes a program of administrative and technical assistance for the Congo.

28th In Chicago, Richard Nixon is' selected as the Republican presidential nominee, and chooses'U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Henry Cabot Lodge, as his running-mate.

30th The Katanga government of Moise Tshombe refuses to allow United Nations troops into its territory.

August

2nd Dag Hammarskjold announces that UN forces will move into Katanga August 6.

Katanga's Premier, Moise Tshombe, orders full mobilization.

11th The U.S. Air Force successfully recovers a capsule ejected from a Discoverer satellite.

12th Led by Dag Hammarskjold, UN troops land in Elizabethville, after the Katanga government drops its opposition to UN troop intervention.

Echo I, a Communications satellite, is placed in orbit by the United States.

16th Cyprus formally receives its independence from Britain.

Prince Souvanna Phouma is the new Laotian premier, and affirms a neutralist policy. Lumumba, having broken with Hammarskjold, arrests 11 UN personnel and demands that UN troops of the Swedish Contingent leave the Congo.

19th A Soviet military Court sentences Powers to ten years for espionage.

The Soviet Union launches a satellite of over 5 tons, with TV equipment to observe the behavior of two dogs in the vehicle. The dogs were safely recovered 24 hours later.

20th Senegal proclaims its secession from the Mali Federation.

21st The Organization of American States recommends that member nations sever diplomatic relations with the Dominican Republic, charging it with aggressive acts against Venezuela.

23rd President Eisenhower requests that Congress end the Dominican Republic's "windfall" sugar quota in the U.S. market, and two days later severs diplomatic relations.

25th The Olympic Games open in Rome, Italy before 75,000 spectators.

29th Jordan's Prime Minister Hazza Majali is assassinated in his office in Amman.

September

5th Congolese President Joseph Kasavubu removes Patrice Lumumba and names Joseph Ileo as Premier. Lumumba challenges Kasavubu's authority and relieves him of his duties the next day.

6th School integration begins in Richmond and nine other Virginia localities.

Lumumba receives a 41-2 vote of confidence in the Congo senate, and demands ouster of UN forces unless they surrender the nation's airports and radio stations.

10th Hurricane Donna, with 120 mph winds, sweeps up the Atlantic coast.

12th Premier Lumumba is placed under house arrest by Congolese troops under the command of Col. Joseph Mobutu, who orders Soviet and Czech missions to leave the country, and declares that an army regime will run the Congo until January 1.

20th The General Assembly session opens and admits 13 new African states plus Cyprus, bringing UN membership to 96. President Tito, Prime Minister Nehru, President Eisenhower, President Sukarno, Prime Minister Macmillan, and other world leaders attend.

In its first major vote, the Assembly supports Dag Hammarskjold's Congo policy 70-0,in spite of strong Soviet attacks.

21st Ghana's Nkrumah states that the deposed Premier Lumumba is the legal head of the Congo government. Colonel Mobutu asks the UN command to withdraw Ghanaian troops from the Congo.

22nd Speaking before the General Assembly, Khrushchev demands Hammarskjold's resignation and proposes a three-man Secretariat to replace him.

26th Presidential candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon hold their first in a series of nationally televised debates.

28th The French government bans all appearances on state radio and TV of more than 140 writers, actors, and intellectuals who signed a declaration defending the right to refuse to serve in the Algerian conflict.

October

1st The 11th anniversary of Communist rule in China is celebrated in Peking with the notable absence of the usual Soviet delegation. Nigeria becomes an independent nation within the British Commonwealth.

3rd Janio Quadros is elected the new President of Brazil.

12th Inejiro Asanuma, a Japanese Socialist leader, is stabbed to death by a rightist student at a political rally in Tokyo.

13th The Pittsburgh Pirates win the World Series over the New York Yankees in a seven-game series.

14th Cuba takes over all banks and large industrial companies, including 105 sugar mills.

18th Casey Stengel, for 12 seasons manager of the New York Yankees, ten of them pennant-winning years, is released.

19th Mauritania in West Africa is granted independence by France.

The United States embargoes exports to Cuba except for medical supplies, some foods.

2Oth Free market gold prices rise to over $40 an ounce in European markets.

26th The poet Saint-John Perse (nom de plume for former French diplomat Alexis Leger) wins the 1960 Nobel prize for literature.

28th The Nobel committee announces its decision to withhold the Peace prize for 1960.

31st Queen Farah Diba gives birth to an heir for the throne of Iran.

November

3rd Two Americans connected with the University of California, Willard F. Libby and Donald A. Glaser, receive the 1960 Nobel prizes for chemistry and physics respectively.

Hugh Gaitskell retains leadership of the British Labour party, defeating Harold Wilson in a party ballot, 166-81.

President Eisenhower joins Nixon in a campaign rally in New York's Coliseum.

15th The Soviet Union announces a new ruble to be introduced Jan. 1, 1961, worth $1.11.

16th President Eisenhower orders all Federal agencies to cut spending abroad to reduce the U.S. balance of payments deficit which has led to a drain on gold reserves.

Over 2,000 people riot in New Orleans to protest integration of schools in that city.

22nd The UN General Assembly seats a Congo delegation headed by President Kasavubu, despite strong opposition from many neutralist powers and the Soviet bloc countries.

30th A Federal court enjoins Louisiana officials from further interference with school integration.

December

2nd Having escaped house detention in Leopoldville, Patrice Lumumba is recaptured by troops of Colonel Mobutu while en route to his stronghold in Stanleyville, the Congo.

5th Five leaders of the January colon revolt in Algiers flee their trial in Paris. Two, one of them Pierre Legaillarde, find refuge in Madrid.

8th In the three-way revolution in Laos, leftist paratroops under Capt. Kong Le seize the capital, Vietiane, less than 24 hours after an earlier coup by neutralist forces. Premier Souvanna Phouma flees to Cambodia.

9th President de Gaulle begins his tour of Algeria, seeking support for his policy.

10th Algerian Moslems wreck and pillage in the European section of Algiers, shouting support of de Gaulle and carrying the flag of the revolutionary FLN.

14th A palace coup in Addis Ababa overthrows the government of Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie, while he is on a state visit to Brazil.

2Oth The UN debate on the Congo ends in impasse as the Assembly adjourns. Dag Hammarskjold's neutral mandate remains unchanged.

21st King Ibn Saud accepts Prince Faisal's resignation as Premier of Saudi Arabia, and takes over the post himself.

24th Guinea, Ghana, and Mali, in West Africa, proclaim a union, agree on diplomatic representation in common, and decide to promote a common economic and monetary policy.

30th After 12 days of riots protesting Belgian austerity measures, violence is still rising.

King Baudoin returns from his honeymoon December 29 to deal with the crisis.

31st President de Gaulle threatens to resign if the country does not give him massive support in the referendum on Algerian autonomy to be held in January 1961.